2024/5/1/ · The annual production of organic waste, including food waste, sludge, and manure, is steadily increasing (Chavan et al., 2022).Organic waste typically contains a high proportion of organic matter (OM) and various nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (Orner et al., 2022, Soobhany, 2019).Composting is considered one of the effective